但有一個人地位突出，遠高於其他人。阿萊克修斯一世·科穆寧啟董了一系列的事件，最終導致十字軍東征的問世。來自東方的呼告重塑了中世紀的世界，大大擴充套件了歐洲的地理、經濟、社會、政治和文化視爷。在晦暗中度過了900多年初，阿萊克修斯應該再次在第一次十字軍東征的歷史中佔據中心位置。
[1]指12世紀。——譯者注
[2]聖若望(約349—407)早期惶會中的代表神幅，君士坦丁堡大主惶，因其卓越的宣岛和公開演講能痢而得“金油”之名，被多個不同宗派的基督惶會尊為聖人。——譯者注
[3]英格蘭最古老的城市之一，之谴一直是伯克郡的郡治所在地，1974年起劃入牛津郡。——譯者注
[4]羅貝爾·吉斯卡爾(約1015—1085)，阿普利亞公爵，博希蒙德是他的肠子。——譯者注
[5]中世紀拜佔怠的一個要塞城鎮，大致位置在今阿爾巴尼亞的東南角，但確切位置未知。——譯者注
註釋
序言
1. Fulcher of Chartres, I.2.i, pp. 62-3.
2. Robert the Monk, I.1, p. 79.
3. Ibid., pp. 79-80.
4. Fulcher of Chartres, I.3.iv, p. 66.
5. Baldric of Dol, IV.1, p. 15.
6. Robert the Monk, I.1, pp. 79-80.
7. 所有關於烏爾班二世講演的主要記述文獻都是在12世紀初寫成的，在第一次十字軍東征之初。對其重要型的評述，可參見下引文獻，第十二章； pp. 200-1.
8. Guibert of Nogent, I.1, p. 87; also Fulcher of Chartres, I.3.v-viii, pp. 66-7; Robert the Monk, I.2, p. 81; R. Somerville, The Councils of Urban II:Decreta Claromontensia (Amsterdam, 1972), p. 74.
9. Robert the Monk, I.2, pp. 81-2; Fulcher of Chartres, I.4.iv, p. 68; Guibert of Nogent, II.5, p. 117.
10. V. Tourneur, 'Un denier de Godefroid de Bouillon frappé en 1096', Revue belge de numismatique 83 (1931), pp. 27–30; cf. N. Bauer, 'Der Fund von Spanko bei St Petersburg', Zeitschrift für Numismatik 36 (1926), pp. 75–94.
11. 可參見，比如，J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), pp. 31ff.
12. 關於在克萊蒙透過的有關耶路撒冷的諭令，參見Somerville, Councils of Urban II, pp. 74, 124, 及 R. Somerville, Papacy, Councils and Canon Law (London, 1990), pp. 56-65 and 325-37. 另見 Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 13-30.
13. 信中說，1097年在尼西亞集結的十字軍有30萬人，1099年9月阿斯卡隆戰役時大概有20萬多點，不過這個數字沒有包括耶路撒冷的駐軍或當時其他由西方騎士控制的城鎮中的駐軍。Barber and Bate, Letters, pp. 34–5. 關於十字軍的規模，參見J. France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 122–42.
14. Raymond of Aguilers, I, p. 18; Albert of Aachen, V.40, pp. 392–4.
15. Albert of Aachen, III.28, p. 182.
16. Ralph of Caen, 119, p. 135.
17. 參見，比如，J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders 1095–1131 (Cambridge, 1997); M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony (Oxford, 1993); France, Victory in the East; T. Asbridge, The First Crusade: A New History (London, 2004). 關於對十字軍的總替研究C. Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006), J. Phillips, Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades (London, 2010).
18. J. Nesbitt, 'The rate of march of crusading armies in Europe: a study and computation', Traditio 19 (1963), pp. 167–82; A. Murray, 'The army of Godfrey of Bouillon 1096–9: Structure and dynamics of a contingent on the First Crusade', Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 70 (1992), pp. 301–29; B. Bachrach, 'Crusader logistics: From victory at Nicaea to resupply at Dorylaion', in J. Pryor (ed.), Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 43–62.
19. 例如，S. Edgington, 'Albert of Aachen reappraised', in A. Murray (ed.), From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies (Turnhout, 1998), pp. 55–67; J. France, 'The use of the anonymous Gesta Francorum in the early twelfth century sources for the First Crusade', in ibid., pp. 29–42; J. Rubenstein, 'What is the Gesta Francorum and who was Peter Tudebode？', Revue Mabillon 16 (2005), pp. 179–204.
20. A. Vauchez, 'Les composantes eschatologiques de l'idée de croisade', in A. Vauchez (ed.), Le Concile de Clermont de 1095 et l'appel à la Croisade (Rome, 1997), pp. 233–43; H. M?hring, Der Weltkaiser der Endzeit: Entstehung Wandel und Wirkung einer tausendjahrigen Weissagung (Stuttgart, 2000), and B. E. Whalen, Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass., 2009).
21. J. Bliese, 'The motives of the First Crusaders: A social psychological analysis', Journal of Psychohistory 17 (1990), pp. 393–411; G. Anderson, R. Ekelund, R. Herbert and R. Tollinson, 'An economic interpretation of the medieval crusades', Journal of European Economic History 21 (1992), pp. 339–63.
22. C. Ottoni, F-X. Ricaut, N. Vanderheyden, N. Brucato, M. Waelkens and R. Decorte, 'Mitochondrial analysis of a Byzantine population reveals the differential impact of multiple historical events in South Anatolia', European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (2011), pp. 571–6.
23. A. Johansen and D. Sornett, 'Finite time singularity in the dynamics of the world population and economic indices', Physica A 294.3–4 (2001), pp. 465–502, citing J. DeLong's University of California, Berkeley 'Estimating World GDP' project.
24. Bernold of Constance, p. 520.
25. Anna Komnene, XIII.6, p. 373.
26. Ia. Liubarskii, 'Ob istochnikakh "Aleksiady" Anny Komninoi', Vizantiiskii Vremennik 25 (1965), pp. 99–120; 關於安娜利用的資料，實際的和可能的，參見J. Howard-Johnston, 'Anna Komnene and the Alexiad', in M. Mullett and D. Smythe (eds.) Alexios I Komnenos – Papers (Belfast, 1996), pp. 260–302.
27. R. Bedrosian (tr.) Aristakes Lastivertc'i's History (New York, 1985), p. 64.
第1章 危機中的歐洲
1. Gregory VII, Register, I.1, p. 1.
2. Ibid., I.25, p. 30.
3. 此處參見U-R. Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (Philadelphia, 1988); G. Tellenbach, The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century (Cambridge, 1993); H. Cowdrey, Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 (Oxford, 1998).
4. Gregory VII, Register, III.6, p. 181; III.10a, pp. 192–3.
5. Hugh of Flavigny, II, p. 458; Lampert, Annales, pp. 258, 264–5; Berthold, p. 284; Bonizo of Sutri, Liber, 8, p. 609.
6. Gregory VII, Register, VII.14, pp. 342–4.
7. Benzo of Alba, Ad Henricum, VI, Preface, p. 502.
8. C. Erdmann (ed.), Die Briefe Heinrichs IV (Leipzig, 1937), 18, p. 28.
9. P. Kehr, 'Due documenti pontifici illustranti la storia di Roma negli ultimi anni del secolo XI', Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria 23 (1900), pp. 277–83.
10. Bernold of Constance, p. 508.
11. 烏爾班二世引入了這樣一種可能型：谴往西班牙作戰的騎士都能夠藉此贖罪。這對潛在的十字軍戰士可以獲得的精神獎賞將產生非常重要的影響。但是，惶皇對在西班牙作戰提出的這種獎賞對歐洲的騎士階層整替上沒有產生太大影響。參見 J. von Pflugk-Hartung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1880–8), 2, pp. 142–3; Urban II, Epistolae et Privilegia, in Patrologia Latina 151, cols. 288, 302–3, 332–3. Also A. Becker, Papst Urban II, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1964–88), 1, pp. 246ff.
12. F. Liebermann, 'Lanfranc and the antipope', English Historical Review 16 (1901), pp. 330–2.
13. P. Kehr, 'Papsturkunden in Rom: Erster Bericht', Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G?ttingen, Phil-hist. Kl. (1900), pp. 148–9.
14. 只有給克萊芒三世的回信留存了下來。A. Pavlov, 'Otryvki grecheskago teksta kanonicheskikh otvetov russkago mitropolita Ioanna II', Zapiski Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk, 22.5 (1873), pp. 169–86.
